Later Historical Periods
Centuries of upheaval and resilience: temples destroyed and rebuilt, regional traditions flowering, and the reform movements of the colonial era.
Loss and restoration
[Archaeological evidence]
Many temples were damaged or destroyed in conflicts between the 11th and 18th centuries, and rebuilt by later patrons — Ahilyabai Holkar rebuilt the Kashi Vishwanath temple in 1780 and endowed shrines across India; the Somnath temple was rebuilt and consecrated in 1951.
Reform and revival
- Brahmo Samaj (1828), Arya Samaj (1875)
- Sri Ramakrishna (1836–1886) and Swami Vivekananda, whose 1893 Chicago address introduced Vedanta to the West
- Temple administration laws in the Madras Presidency (1920s) and later states
The journey continues for members
- Preservation